Construction of a metal staircase with a platform

When constructing a multi-story building, a flight of stairs is required. This design is easy to manufacture and is an excellent option for a private home or cottage. Having basic construction skills, it is quite possible to build a lift to the next floor yourself. However, do not forget that the design must be safe and comfortable. To avoid unpleasant consequences, there are certain norms and standards for installing a structure of this type.

Considering practicality, experts advise giving preference to a two-flight staircase. The advantages, features, as well as the technology for self-construction of this structure are further in the article.

In this article you will learn how to make a similar staircase

Calculation of stairs

We start by determining the rise of the step h by dividing the height of the staircase H by the estimated number of rises n: this is the distance from the floor of the first floor to the floor of the second floor H = 2,976 mm (Fig. 1).
With the selected number of lifts n = 16 h = 2,976:16 = 186 mm. Since the staircase is two-flight, with a platform in the middle, there will be 8 ascents in each flight. Reference by topic: DIY spiral staircase

Next, we measure the length A of the opening from the edge of the platform to the edge of the upper floor - this is the so-called travel line. For my opening A = 1,596 mm. We divide it by the number of rises to get the depth of the tread.

In my version, it was very important to make the staircase as compact as possible. Therefore, as the last step, I used the upper floor slab (for the lower flight - a platform), attaching a “nose” to it in order to save one step rise

Tread width a = A: (n – 1) = 1,610: 7 = 230 mm.

We check the comfort of the staircase using Blondel’s empirical formula, according to which the condition 600 is satisfied for a comfortable staircase

We add a “nose” to the tread - a protrusion 40 mm long and we get a step width of 270 mm.

Template for marking steps on a string

To make the bowstring, we need to make grooves 15 mm deep into it, into which we will insert treads and risers. To prevent the staircase from becoming skewed, precise marking of these grooves is necessary. Therefore, you will need templates that allow you to make each bowstring in the same way. We will make a template from a rectangular sheet of plywood (Fig. 2) for marking the position of the steps on the strings, that is, drawing lines of treads and risers.

Rice. 2. Marking the position of the steps on the string. 1. Template for marking the position of the steps on the string. 2. We make steps and mill tenons on them.

These lines will then serve as a guide for selecting grooves for both treads and risers. On one side of the right angle we set aside the height of 2 risers, and on the other - the width of 3 treads. By connecting these points to each other, we get a reference line 4, and then at a distance of 50 mm from it we draw line 5. We nail two slats 6 to the plywood sheet on both sides, the edges of which should coincide with line 5, indicating the edge of the bowstring behind the slats.

3. We cut out the first, so-called invitation step, with a jigsaw.4. Then we process it according to the template using a router with a copy sleeve. 5. We saw off the balusters at a given angle to size using a miter saw. 6. We make a groove in the pillars into which the bowstring spike is inserted. Rice. 3. Template for making grooves on the string for treads and risers.

The template allows you to accurately mark the position of the steps on the string. The line of the first tread will coincide with the base of the bowstring - its supporting platform, and its intersection with line 4 serves as the beginning of the riser line. The corner of the template will be the beginning of the second tread line. The intersection of the line of the second tread with the reference line 4 serves as the beginning of the line of the second riser. And so on.

7-8. After manufacturing and fitting all the parts, we assemble and tighten the march “dry” with clamps for fitting. 9. Having disassembled the march, we coat each part separately with oil. I used Osmo oil with hard wax. Apply the first color layer with a brush. Immediately wipe off any stains with a lint-free cloth swab and dry. The next day, apply a second layer of transparent oil in the same way.

We file the upper part of the bowstring (including the tenon) along a line parallel to the line of the last riser, and the lower part along the line of the first tread (also known as the floor line). We mark the second string in a similar way, but so that the markings on it are a mirror image of the markings of the first string.

10. After fitting, we disassemble the fence, remove the balusters, apply a coating and dry it. 11.. It turned out to be more convenient to assemble the upper flight on the second floor, and then carefully “roll” it down from above onto the landing. The march stood up well, since the walls were smooth and the tiled floor was horizontal. I did everything myself, I tried! 12. The assembled march is very heavy, but the four of us lifted it, placed it vertically and carefully lowered it into the opening onto the platform. 13. We finally assemble the balusters, handrail and mount them assembled on the string. We make “fungi” plugs and cover all the mounting holes with them. When assembling, we use silicone sealant so that if a defect occurs, we can easily disassemble the structure and replace the damaged part.

Do-it-yourself flight stairs: financial part

It is almost impossible to make a modern two-flight staircase with your own hands using modern materials at home. Metal parts, plastic or granite processed at home cannot compare with the work of professionals. An affordable option would be to make a two-flight structure from wood yourself.

Let's dwell on the financial component of such a ladder. If you take a pine tree about 20 meters long, it will cost you about 40,000 thousand rubles. In addition, it is necessary to purchase timber for balusters, supports and railings. The cost of the material will be about 7,000 rubles. You will have to spend at least another 3,000 rubles on hardware products and paints and varnishes. Total: a two-flight staircase with your own hands will cost you about 50,000 rubles. But at the same time, it will not have the elegance, high quality and aesthetic characteristics that factory-made products have.

Staircase drawing

Drawing of a staircase with a landing.
Installation of flights of stairs Having determined all the necessary dimensions, you can complete the drawing by drawing the stairs on paper in accordance with the scale. It is better to carry out the drawing in design or graphic programs, which are usually used today for such purposes. The electronic version of the drawing is easier to correct and edit. If you need to make changes to your diagram, the advantage of the computer format will become obvious.

Do-it-yourself work will help turn an idea into a real product. Even an elementary staircase, a little more complicated than a stepladder made of metal or wood, requires quite complex calculations and enumeration of solution options. Designing spiral staircases is much more difficult because it changes configuration in three dimensions. For this purpose, special design programs are usually used, which save a lot of effort and time, while avoiding errors.

Materials for production

Just a few years ago, the choice of two-flight staircase structures was limited to wooden products made according to one pattern. Today there is no problem of selecting materials; you can make the frame yourself or use the services of specialists.

Almost all types of building materials are suitable for making stairs:

Different types of wood. This classic option is in wide demand due to its low cost, ease of installation and aesthetics. Pine is not suitable for constructing wooden stairs because of its softness.

Metal base. This is the optimal and most durable type of construction. Steel products have a shelf life of up to several decades, do not deform (like aluminum) and do not oxidize (like brass and other metals).

Glass steps and railings. It’s hard to imagine a more stylish option than a mirrored staircase in the center of the living room. However, this solution also has a number of disadvantages: glass does not tolerate mechanical loads well, even a hardened coating quickly loses its original appearance and requires constant maintenance.

A natural stone. Steps made of marble look very original and, due to their unique structure, retain their original appearance for a long time without wear. The stone is also non-slip and easy to maintain.

The most budget option is to make a medium-sized wooden staircase. It is recommended to use metal blanks made of steel for the steps, then the structure will serve your family for decades.

If we are talking about a major renovation of a two-level apartment, made in a modern high-tech style, then we recommend that you pay attention to glass stairs. You should choose either hardened or laminated). But be careful when subsequently processing this material and try to minimize the number of decorative elements on the site in order to reduce mechanical stress.

Whatever the shape of the staircase opening, the installation of all structural elements must be carried out in accordance with safety rules according to the classical standard. In the case of non-standard opening parameters, it is better to entrust the construction of the site to professionals, although it will cost you a little more.

You can calculate the required amount of materials using special online calculators. This will allow you to save money and time at the first stage of work.

Rotate 90 degrees

Calculation of the size of staircase steps in a house

Stairs that change their rotation by ninety degrees are also called L-shaped or L-shaped. The length of the march should not be more than thirteen to fifteen steps, otherwise it will be difficult to climb such a structure. The areas between flights of stairs, which are at right angles to each other, should be slightly wider than the flight of stairs. If there is more free space, the platform can be made larger by half or the full width of the step.

Many finishers recommend making stairs at least seventy centimeters wide so that there is space for a person to freely ascend or descend. As for the number of steps, the most normal option would be the one where there are three of them. And the width of the step should not be more than one meter. The ease of use of the span in the future and its stylish appearance depend on the accuracy of the calculations.

Then this circle is divided into two equal parts, where the middle line is drawn. As for the middle point of the step, it should not be made more than seventeen to twenty centimeters, and the width of the step should be at least approximately equal to the size of the leg. When measuring and obtaining the length from the floor of the first floor to the floor of the second, three meters, two flights of one and a half meters each fit on this segment. It turns out that there are twenty steps, then naturally they will not fit into one march. This amount must be divided into two marches. It turns out to be ten steps. But keep in mind that there will be one less tread - nine each, because from both flights one at a time is removed onto the platform. Therefore, it turns out that the width of the march will be only two meters and seventy centimeters.

Rotate 180 degrees

Each staircase must have a certain height and, for safety reasons, should not be too steep. This implies a limitation on the minimum length of the site. An attempt to reduce the space occupied by a flight of stairs leads to an increase in the angle of its inclination, and the angle, on the contrary, makes it too long. One solution to this problem is a staircase with a one-hundred-eighty-degree turn, or U-shaped. The calculation of such a design mainly coincides with the calculation of the opening at an angle of ninety degrees.

In most cases, instead of reducing the length of a flight of stairs to a minimum, it is enough to simply reduce the space occupied by the low-lying parts of the stairs. For example, the first march can be short, up to one meter high. The calculation in this case is that the part of the second flight protruding beyond the lower steps will be located higher and will not interfere with walking or the placement of furniture.

You can further reduce the size of the stairs using winder steps. Then the rotation is performed in the form of several steps in the form of a fan. In a turn of one hundred and eighty degrees, it would be better to place five steps, and this is as much as half a meter of height, “taken away” from the marches, which at the same time become shorter. In general, the calculation of a flight of stairs consists of several points, namely it is necessary:

calculate the angle of inclination;
display the optimal parameters of the steps;
determine the best march width;
calculate the height of the passage;
create a design for turning sections;
work out the desired fences;

When you carry out the work slowly, thinking through all the details, you will end up with a stable and strong structure for your home, which will become an ideal addition to your interior, which will last for many years and will delight you with its compactness.

How to make a staircase with a landing [instructions]

The construction of a wooden staircase with two flights does not require special knowledge and skills in the construction industry. If desired, even a novice master can perform such work.

The main thing is to strictly follow the procedure for calculation and installation:

1. According to SNiP (clauses 2.08.01-85), the number of steps per flight should not exceed eighteen. This quantity is divided into two stairs, resulting in a structure with an intermediate platform (its width is on average 80 centimeters).

2. Next, you will need steps of standard sizes, they can be purchased at any hardware store, as well as additional elements such as railings, decorative handles or risers.

3. Once you have decided on the basic parameters of all the parts, you need to draw up a full-fledged project, taking into account the location and space occupied by the structure in projection or in length.

Article on the topic: Options for aluminum stairs and their features | +55 photos of models

Calculation

You can calculate the number of steps for a staircase to the second floor using a simple formula: divide the height of the staircase opening by the height of the riser - if you get a fractional number, then round the result up. As practice shows, the optimal width of steps is from 25 to 40 centimeters, depending on the dimensions of the opening. An example calculation is shown below. Forecasts for Euro 2020 https://bcgoverla.if.ua/category/stavki-na-euro-2020/.

When subsequently designing a staircase structure, the following aspects of this type of work must be observed in order to avoid problems at the installation stage:

The minimum width of the finished product must be at least 80 centimeters (an upward deviation of 20-30 centimeters is possible, taking into account the parameters of the room).

When constructing a wooden staircase with an intermediate platform, we calculate the horizontal distance (which the structure will occupy). If the project involves the presence of turns, then the calculations become more complicated.

We install the stringer and bowstring on site in accordance with the established requirements.

After the installation of the bowstring or stringer is completed, they must be sanded and the risers securely fastened.

At the final stage of work, the steps are installed, as well as the connection of balusters and railings to the base of the structure. Most types of wood lend themselves well to painting or varnishing (this way you can give the structure the desired shade).

If the ceiling level on the first floor is at a height of 2700 mm from the floor, and the thickness of the ceiling between floors is 300 mm, then the total height of the stairs will be 3000 mm.

Typical staircase design for an opening 3000x2700 mm
On video: the easiest way to calculate a staircase.

Materials and accessories

The easiest way to make a ladder with your own hands is from wood; oak is suitable as the most durable and abrasion-resistant material. Products made from beech or larch are also highly durable. Pine is most often used in the construction of stepladders or attic stairs of classical shape due to the softness and plasticity of the wood.

When choosing a material, try to calculate in advance all structural elements made of wood. To make a staircase of two flights with an intermediate platform you will need:

steps - 20 pieces;
risers - 22 pieces;
bowstrings or stringers - 4 pieces;
balusters - one per step;
handrails;
handrail angles and turns;
support in the form of a pillar;
boards for the construction of a horizontal platform.

Ultimately, the total length of the handrail should be approximately equal to the length of the two flights. If you plan to make a handrail on the wall, then its parameters are doubled. Also, do not forget about fencing the staircase for the convenience and safety of residents.

In addition to the materials listed above (construction parts), you may need various fasteners, construction adhesive, additional coating and impregnations for it. To assemble the stairs correctly, mark out the steps for the steps on strings in advance. In most cases, standard templates that are publicly available are used for this.

Types of structures

Marching stairs are conventionally divided into two categories: straight and rotary. The former are great for spacious rooms, as they have an easy-to-assemble design, but take up a lot of space. Rotary ones are more compact; in appearance they are similar to the now popular screw models. This is the best option for small spaces. Each of these types consists of two flights of 3-15 steps and one intermediate platform. If there are more than 15 steps, the climb can no longer be called safe and comfortable.

In turn, rotary and straight stairs can have different shapes. Thus, the following types of construction are distinguished:

Open. The steps do not have risers; there are gaps between the treads.

Article on the topic: Types of street stairs by design features and material (advantages and purpose)

Closed. Contains blind risers, increasing the safety of movement, but limiting the width of the tread and creating the effect of a massive march.

There are a large number of classifications of marching stairs. In the direction of movement, they can be right (turn clockwise) or left (counterclockwise). When choosing a particular design, it is worth taking into account the location features and the availability of free space in the room.

Remember that the smaller the angle of rotation, the more space the ladder will take up and the more convenient it will be to move along it.

Angle of rotation

Depending on the angle of inclination of the marches, the following types of stairs are distinguished:

Staircase with a 90 degree turn. It is also called L-shaped or L-shaped. Such models look impressive in spacious rooms, and are also easy to use and easy to install.

Staircase with a 180 degree turn. Or U-shaped with an intermediate platform. It is best to place it in the center, which will allow you to use this interior element for zoning rooms.

On video: mistakes in designing stairs in a wooden house.

Installation

Making marching stairs is a labor-intensive and rather lengthy process. On average, it takes from one to two weeks to procure materials, draw up a project and install the structure. Experienced builders recommend starting the construction of stairs at the stage of construction of a country house. This way you can allocate a place for it in advance, which is very problematic to do in a ready-made room.

Instructions for assembling and installing a simple ladder:

1. If you decide to use stringers, then this is where you should start installing the stairs. Position the two workpieces evenly and use a square to mark them, and then cut out the “teeth” with a jigsaw.

2. One part of the frame is attached to the wall using anchor bolts, and the second is connected to a special support pillar fixed to the floor. Treads and steps are installed on the stringers - ordinary self-tapping screws are used for this. A platform is installed between the finished stairs.

3. Closer to the edge of the steps, mark the places where the prepared balusters and support posts will be installed. Holes are made, which are then filled with glue (dowels of suitable size are inserted into these holes).

4. Corresponding holes are made at the base of the balusters and pillars, which are also filled with glue, after which the supports for the handrail are placed on the dowels in the steps. At the beginning and end of the stairs, pillars that are more massive must be used to create a solid foundation.

5. The last step is attaching the handrails. On the bottom side, these elements are coated with glue in the required grooves, then they are mounted on balusters and support posts. Everything is checked for level and, if there are no flaws, additional balusters are screwed to the handrail using thin self-tapping screws.

Stairs of two flights can have very different shapes and sizes. When choosing one design or another, it is necessary to study the features of its installation in advance. Don’t forget about the stylistic unity of the room - the finished product should not stand out from the general background. The best option is to select wood to match the wall material, as well as delineate the space for placing the stairs at the renovation planning stage.

If you follow all the rules and tips, you will end up with the perfect combination of practicality, safety and beauty. And you won’t have to spend money ordering wooden stairs from unverified companies.

Assembling a two-flight staircase on bowstrings with your own hands (2 videos)

Different options for double-flight stairs (56 photos)

Pros and cons of double-flight stairs

Like any construction project, double-flight wooden stairs have both advantages and disadvantages of use. If we compare this design with outdated marching models, they have significantly more advantages.

Experts attribute the following to the advantages of this type of design:

A two-flight staircase with a transition platform saves free space, which is especially important for small rooms. This is due to the possibility of marches turning at different angles (the right angle is used the least often).

Due to the different angles of the marches, the inclination of the stairs can be reduced. Thus, moving between floors will be much more convenient and safer. We recommend that families with small children avoid single-march climbs.

The design consists of two staircases, which can be connected in different directions and at a suitable angle (depending on the characteristics of the room and safety requirements).

Design safety requirements

Any ladder must first of all be safe and easy to use. To achieve this, it is necessary to comply with the basic requirements for the manufacture of such structures and carry out competent calculations of the dimensions of all elements. When constructing a staircase yourself, regardless of its type, you must be guided by the safety criteria of GOST and SNIP.

Related article: Types and advantages of wooden stairs [step options]

Safety Ladder Options

When using a staircase design with a landing, do not forget about high-quality lighting and free access to the steps (they must be located within the same flight).

It is worth paying attention to stylistic unity - the finished product should be in harmony with the design and color scheme of the residential premises. It should not take up much space and distort the performance characteristics of both levels.

Calculation of step width

Stair steps must be positioned strictly horizontally and parallel to the floor. This requirement does not apply to stepladder type stairs, but for all others it is mandatory. The width of the step should be sufficient for the foot to be firmly fixed on it. In ordinary flights of stairs, this distance is usually 27 centimeters.

If the staircase connects the upper floor and the attic, there is no need to strictly adhere to this size. But it is advisable to take this dimension into account. Reducing it to fifteen to twenty centimeters will slightly worsen performance characteristics.

Scheme and drawing with dimensions of staircase steps

It is very important to consider that the steps should not overlap each other in width. Otherwise, there will be a real threat that a person will trip over a step located above the one on which his foot stands.

This is a real danger that cannot be ignored.

Design Features

To build a high-quality, reliable two-flight staircase, you need to adhere to certain standards:

the width of the flight of stairs is calculated based on the number of people living in the house, but it should not be less than 80 cm;
It is better to design the product with reliable railings with a height of at least 90 cm;
dimensions, method of connecting parts, type of material must correspond to the operating load;
the installed structure must comply with sound insulation and fire safety standards.

Calculation of a C-shaped staircase with a 90-degree turn and a corner intermediate platform

A C-shaped staircase is a design with a continuous radius turn. Such a staircase can be installed as an alternative to a two-flight staircase, and just like on a two-flight staircase, an intermediate platform can be installed on a C-shaped staircase.

C-shaped staircase

A C-shaped staircase is also sometimes called a U-shaped staircase and is characterized by the following advantages:

Significant space savings with other advantages inherent in double-flight staircases.
When installing a staircase with winder steps, space is not only saved, but also visually expanded.
The C-shaped staircase gives unlimited freedom in choosing a design solution.

Certain difficulties include the following nuances:

When moving along a C-shaped staircase, you will only have to walk along the outer radius, because it creates a subconscious feeling that there is nowhere to put your foot in the narrow part of the step.
A complex design leaves no room for error, because... any, even the slightest, mistake in calculations, even if not visually noticeable, can ultimately lead to discomfort when using the stairs and injuries.

When calculating the design of a staircase, one should not forget about two features that are characteristic of C-shaped staircases - when calculating a staircase structure, the distance between the flights should be set to a value equal to one quarter of the width of the step, and the distance between the opening and the flight of stairs should be at least two meters.

Calculation of the design of a C-shaped staircase

In order to mark a drawing of a staircase, you need to determine the central bend point of the flight of stairs. Then the number of steps on the turning section of the staircase is determined; as a rule, there should be at least 5, but the more there are, the more convenient it is to use the staircase.

The width of a stair step can be calculated using another technique, for this you need to know the step length of an average person - it is approximately 65-75 centimeters and in order to calculate the optimal step height, you need to divide this figure by 4, you get a step height of 16-18 centimeters, comfortable for lifting.

Calculation of the width of steps

If you significantly reduce the height of the steps, then when walking along such a staircase there will constantly be a subconscious desire to step over a couple of steps and the staircase will occupy a significant space.

But if you decide to save space and make the steps too high, then using such a staircase will cause discomfort due to the need to make significant efforts.

A C-shaped staircase can be installed with a platform; such a staircase looks more familiar, but takes up much more space and, accordingly, requires a more impressive investment of funds for design and installation.

C-shaped staircase with landing

But despite the material costs, such a ladder will be much more convenient to use and, importantly, much safer. The intermediate platform conditionally divides the staircase into two parts, which makes the ascent less tiring and energy-consuming

Despite the fact that formally a c-shaped staircase takes up more space compared to other analogue staircase structures, but as a rule, if this type of staircase is chosen, then when designing a house, a so-called staircase is laid out, which does not occupy the living space

The intermediate platform conditionally divides the staircase into two parts, which makes the ascent less tiring and energy-consuming. Despite the fact that formally a c-shaped staircase takes up more space compared to other analogue staircase structures, as a rule, if this type of staircase is chosen, then when designing a house, a so-called staircase is laid out, which does not occupy living space.

House project with a C-shaped staircase

Due to their design, turning staircases with an intermediate platform are flatter, but at the same time maintain a symmetrical graphic line that structures the space.

U-shaped staircase with intermediate platform

Design features

A two-flight staircase with a landing is installed to cover the distance between the first and second floors. A distinctive feature of such structures is the presence of separate spans, the so-called system of steps, united by one staircase (these sections have clearly defined parameters). The product consists of two flights connected to each other by one horizontal platform.

The main component of the structure is the horizontal platform. Its task is to differentiate the levels of the first and second floors; it also plays the role of an auxiliary element. Selecting a free area allows you to introduce modern features into the interior design and place comfortable furniture or decor.

This solution is especially suitable when planning the construction of a country house or in the process of arranging a two-level apartment. Externally, the design looks stylish and gives the room logical completeness.

Double-flight stairs can be either with a platform or with winder steps. It is worth noting both the comfortable climbing angle and the height of the steps according to traditional options.

Three-flight staircase

This option is the most interesting from a design point of view. It is used in private houses with high ceilings and large distances between floors for lifting to the floor with a 180-degree turn.

The staircase to the second floor with two landings is a grandiose, massive structure that will emphasize the size of your home and organically occupy the space.

There are several types of three-flight stairs:

S-shaped;
U-shaped;
T-shaped.

If you need a staircase with two landings and a 180-degree rotation at your dacha, then it is best to choose a project with a U-shape and a short middle flight.

Stairs in the interior

You can build a two-flight staircase to the second floor from any material. However, the design must match the overall style of the room where it is located.

All materials are perfect for creating a gathering in a country style. A wooden structure will look especially beautiful. It will not only fit harmoniously into the interior, but will also bring a touch of warmth and comfort to it. Individuality will be given by a design made of combined materials: wood, artificial tiles, stone, wrought iron.

Example of a country style staircase

A two-flight staircase in high-tech style will add sophistication and elegance to the room. The uniqueness of the style lies in the combination of seemingly incompatible materials: stainless steel, glass, wood or stone.

Double-flight staircase in high-tech style

Stairs in a modern style are laconic geometric shapes, minimalism in decoration, the use of non-standard and modern materials: metal, plastic, glass.

Staircase in a modern minimalist style

The Baroque style implies a pompous staircase with smooth lines. It is richly decorated with carved wooden elements. This two-flight design is quite massive and will look great in a living room of the same style.

Example of a baroque staircase

At all times, wooden stairs have enjoyed well-deserved love. There is something close to us in spirit in these designs. Beautiful and respectable wooden marches can bring into the house the smells of nature itself - the best part of it.

DIY wooden staircase

Calculation of staircase dimensions

The calculation of the dimensions and dimensions of each element of the staircase is made depending on the height of the floor (the distance between the surfaces of the finished floor of the first, second and subsequent floors), the type of staircase - marching or spiral, the configuration of the staircase in plan and the area of the staircase.

In the simplest case - a staircase with one straight flight - the step height is first outlined, including the height of the tread and riser, then the floor height is divided by the step height, as a result the number of steps is determined. In this case, the restrictive requirements of building codes and regulations must be taken into account. Next, the width of the steps, the width of the flight, the length of the stringers or bowstrings are calculated, based on the dimensions of which each element of the staircase structure can be determined and manufactured.

Manufacturing of staircase elements

Stair elements

When you build a wooden staircase with your own hands, all the individual parts are made at the construction site from blanks. At the same time, to ensure the proper quality of staircase construction, the following conditions must be met: finishing has been completed, including painting the walls, carpentry and installing finished floors; windows and doors installed; During the cold season, heating is turned on to maintain the temperature at least 18 degrees.

Making staircase parts on a workbench

Each element of the staircase is manufactured from wooden blanks according to previously made calculations, sketches and drawings using power tools. They start with load-bearing elements - stringers, bowstrings and pillars.

Marking should be done each time from the initially calculated template so that measurement errors do not accumulate. Small parts - treads and risers - are cut out from blanks using a single, specially made template made of plywood or metal.

Types of rotary flight stairs

Marching stairs are divided into two main groups:

Rotatable 90°. It is used in rooms with large dimensions in order to maintain a convenient angle of inclination for climbing.
swivel 180°. They are built in small and medium-sized rooms where there is a need to preserve as much free space as possible.

To make a turn, an intermediate platform or winder steps are used.

Terms and Definitions

To avoid confusion in definitions, we first provide a small glossary (dictionary) of terms:

Ladder and its composition

staircase - a limited space in the plan intended to accommodate stairs;
march - a component part of a staircase connecting different levels, including stringers or bowstrings and steps;
step is the main supporting and load-bearing element of the staircase. The steps can be straight - rectangular as part of straight flights, and winder - trapezoidal or sectoral (in the form of a circle segment) in shape as part of stairs of complex shape;
tread – the upper, horizontally located working plane of the step;
riser - support for the tread, the vertical part of the step;
riser height – the distance between the working planes (treads) of adjacent steps;
height of the stairs - the difference between the floor marks of the lower and upper floors;
stringer - an inclined beam carrying a flight of stairs, support for stair steps;
bowstring - a supporting beam to which the steps are adjacent on the side;
bolt - a metal element for fastening the steps of frameless stairs in the form of a bolt or strand;
fencing - a structure that encloses the side of the staircase, includes balusters and a handrail;
baluster - a fence post made in the form of a carved columnar figure.

Types of stairs

By design, the following types of wooden stairs are distinguished: on bowstrings, on stringers, on rails and stairs with a spiral structure.

Staircases on stringers have the form of a series of steps resting on top of stringers - inclined wooden beams that are attached to supports in the floor structure, to horizontal beams of intermediate platforms and platforms of higher floors.

The difference between ladders on bowstrings and ladders on stringers is that the steps in this design are located between the support beams and are attached to them from the side.

In a staircase on rails, the steps rest on metal vertical elements - rails or bolts that fasten them together, and are also attached to the walls like consoles.

Spiral staircases have the appearance of spirals in plan or can have a more complex curved shape. The steps of a spiral staircase, triangular or trapezoidal in shape, rest at one end on a central metal or wooden post, and on the other side can be fastened with bolts and bowstrings.

Cases of use in a private home

For cottages and private houses, facade entrance stairs are most often used, which, in addition to the direct purpose of entering the building, also perform a decorative function.

In this case, the owner tries to decorate it as much as possible and make it an aesthetically attractive option.

It is possible that you will be interested in the material about glass railings for stairs.

It happens that the staircase serves as a link between the house and the garden. It is very important in these cases that the steps are sloped away from the walls of the house in order to drain water.

How to insulate an iron entrance door is described in this article.

A common option for using multi-flight staircases is emergency staircases in industrial enterprises. It is important here that the staircase is as comfortable, safe, non-slip as possible and contains intermediate platforms. It is usually made of steel or reinforced concrete.

U-shaped staircase. Basics of mathematics.

Published 10/31. by admin in Useful articles // 0 Comments

It is quite difficult even for an experienced craftsman to independently make and install a U-shaped staircase in a house. However, with some experience and to save the family budget, such a task is quite doable. Let's try to calculate the dimensions of a U-shaped staircase, which will have two platforms at different levels, which will allow us to make such a staircase from purchased blanks.

First, we take measurements of the room and all dimensional restrictions (window, boiler, etc.), and display the result on a sheet of paper. We got a floor plan on an arbitrary scale. If the staircase is designed with two landings that are connected by a step, we set the width of the interfloor opening. If the size of the step is 300 x 1000 mm, and the width of each platform is equal to the step (1000 mm), we derive the width of the opening using the formula: 2 multiplied by 1000 mm (the length of the step) and add 300 mm (its width). We take into account the overhang of the upper platform by 35 mm, subtract this value and ultimately get 2265 millimeters.

A lifting height step of about twenty centimeters is quite comfortable and financially acceptable. To calculate the length of the opening, we measure the height of the room to the floor of the next floor. Let's say we get a figure of 3 meters 20 cm. In our case, we will place the platforms at half the height (3200/2 = 1600 mm). We divide the resulting height of the first flight of stairs (1600 mm) by the lifting height (200 mm) and find out the number of required lifts (8). Since it makes no sense to install the step flush with the platform, we have (8-1) 7 steps.

For comfortable use, we determine at what stage the ceiling will begin to interfere with climbing the stairs for a person, say, two meters tall. Subtract the height of the person (2 m) from the height of the room (3 m) and divide the resulting result by the accepted step height (0.2 m).

(3000-2000) / 200 = 5

We see that in our example the interfloor opening should start from the fifth step. Then it’s not difficult to calculate the length of the opening: multiply 4 steps by the width (300 mm), add the width of the platform (1000 mm) and subtract 35 mm of the spade.

4 * 300 + 1000 – 35 = 2165

Next, we calculate the number of steps required. To do this, we divide the lifting height by the step we have adopted of 20 cm:

3200: 200 = 16

We get 16 lifts or 16-1 = 15 steps.

Using the principle of budget savings, we opt for steel blanks for balusters. They are attached to each step and provide good rigidity. In practice, balusters are not installed on the first and connecting steps.

15 – 2 = 13 (pcs.)

It is necessary to add the number of balusters to enclose the upper opening of the stairs. If there are small children in the house, balusters should be installed at a distance of 18 centimeters; if not, up to 25 centimeters. Therefore, their number will range from 14 to 23 pieces.

This completes our calculation.

Difficult? Contact the experts and this will be their task.

Where do the marches lead?

Not everyone fully understands the true meaning of creating staircase objects, which are distinguished by a certain complexity of implementation. A person who does not have any special knowledge in this area would prefer to build a simple span to the second floor. However, the ceiling height significantly affects the steep rise of the device. There are possibilities for designing a flatter product. In this case, the staircase structure with one flight will start from the door, and its end will lie on the ceiling of the other end of the room, as shown in the photo. However, such a project is not very convenient to use. In addition, experienced specialists do not recommend building it. Therefore, the design of marches is very relevant.

If there is sufficient free space, it becomes possible to build a front swing staircase with several flights. The material for constructing such a structure can be marble or noble wood. This design will certainly become the main element of the interior, as can be seen in the photo.

The species diversity of two-flight staircases is quite wide. Designs with straight marches have several forms:

Parallel, which lie in the same geometric plane;
L-shaped. A similar structure is located on adjacent walls;
Swing. With this design option, its first span is in the free zone, and then it diverges in different directions.

The straight design is distinguished by the fact that its marches are separated by a platform. In this case, the rotation of the structure can be 90 or 180 degrees. If instead of a platform the product has winder steps, this design is called a rotary flight staircase.

Mandatory requirements

Before making a choice, you should take into account an important fact - weight. On average, metal and wooden structures on the second floor weigh from 150 to 300 kg. The glass mass will increase to 500 kg (the weight of one stage reaches 33 kg). The weight of a product with steps made of natural or artificial stone will exceed 1.5 tons. Obviously, the last solution for a wooden house is unrealistic.

Staircase with metal railings

Marching staircase in a wooden cottage

Wooden staircase in the house

If reinforced concrete floors were used during the construction of the building, then it is allowed to install metal, wood, and even glass options. Reinforced concrete floors can withstand from 500 to 1000 kg. In houses with wooden floors, additional beams should be installed in the place where the staircase is supposed to be installed. This is especially true when installing a screw model, since the main load-bearing load in this case is performed by the central post.

If for some reason it is difficult to attach to a load-bearing wall, it is possible to implement a cantilever model, since it involves installing steps directly into the wall. Or, as an option, erecting a modular structure on the second floor, since the latter involves support in the floor in only two places. The photo shows a modular rotating model.

Based on the above, the need to design the stairs at the first stage is obvious. The recommendation is also obvious to choose the option with the least weight. Even a novice craftsman can easily make a wooden interfloor structure.

Safety requirements

Depending on the structure, interfloor stairs are classified according to the level of safety. While the steps must be the same height (the only exception is the first step), they must provide sufficient support to the foot. That is, the width of the step should be 35-37 cm, otherwise the risk of slipping and injury sharply increases.

The direct marching structure to the second floor has the highest level of safety: all steps are the same, sufficient width. A rotary flight with one or two landings has the same characteristics.
The second place goes to the option with winder steps. A turn where a person is forced to climb wedge-shaped steps increases the risk of slipping.
A spiral staircase is the most inconvenient to use, since along the line of movement its steps do not reach the proper width. Accordingly, it is also the most unsafe.

Comparisons are given for cases where the march inclination angle of 30-40 degrees is maintained. The greater the angle of inclination, the more inconvenient the design, and the more traumatic it is considered.

Space requirements

The type of interfloor staircase in a wooden house depends on the area of the latter.

The extensive ground floor will allow you to choose a marching option, and the space below it can be used as a storage room. A very original solution is to install a dressing room or something like a sideboard with compartments for various items in the resulting niche. The photo shows a version of such a built-in “cabinet”.
If the area of a wooden house is small, then you should make a choice in favor of a rotating interfloor structure: straight or with winder steps. It is recommended to choose the “transparent” option, which preserves perspective.
The screw model is convenient in that it can be located in any part of the room, if the ceilings allow, and does not block the space of the room.

Design requirements

Wood compares favorably with all other options not only because it allows you to implement almost any design ideas, but also because it makes it possible to realize these ideas with your own hands.

The most common interior options for a wooden house are “chalets”, hunting lodges, and Russian towers. In this case, it is recommended to opt for a wooden flight of stairs. Compliance with the style can be enhanced by the design of balusters and handrails. For example, the “chalet” style does not accept curved parts of the tree, so if the chosen option is rotary, then you should not use a bent bowstring and railings. But in the Art Nouveau style such a project is acceptable and even desirable. The photo shows a product with curved wooden railings.

A wooden house can also be decorated in a style such as the Renaissance, which is very demanding of ostentatious luxury and whimsy. In this case, the manufacturer will come to the aid of an applied thread of the appropriate color.

Each wooden house is a unique creation. And the choice of stairs for him is an opportunity to emphasize his uniqueness.

Do-it-yourself manufacturing and installation

To build a wooden staircase with your own hands, you need to start with design and calculations. You should absolutely not make mistakes, as any deviations in the calculations can lead to difficulties during assembly.

It is recommended to start with designing the main structural elements: steps, stringers and handrails.

The step data can be calculated using the formula: 2A + B = 64 cm, where A denotes the width of the part, and B is the height of the step. On average, the height of the step varies from 13 to 18 cm.

Important! To determine the angle of inclination of the march, you can use the data from the table below.

It is necessary to include in the drawing calculations of the protrusion above each step; usually this figure does not exceed 3-4 cm. With a more significant protrusion, there is a chance that the owners will constantly stumble.

Experts recommend using 0.4 cm thick pine boards when making stringers. It is also necessary to pay attention to the moisture content of the wood; it should not exceed 13%.

It is necessary to strictly follow the steps of creating this staircase

Algorithm for making stringers with your own hands:

Apply markings to the prepared building material using a pattern. Do not make sharp corners on the teeth.
Using a hacksaw or electric jigsaw, cut out the teeth along the markings. The first part can be used as a template and all other stringers can be cut out according to it.
Install the finished structural elements in the place where the stairs will be. Carefully ensure that the ends of the stringers are firmly secured and rest tightly against the floor and ceiling of the floor.

Now you can begin installing the steps, risers and railings, having cut out these parts in the required quantity in advance. It is recommended to start by installing the risers using nails or self-tapping screws. To make the ladder safer and stronger, some connect the parts using triangular shaped fillets. They are fixed with special dowels (for them it is necessary to cut grooves in the stringers).

After installing all the steps, the balusters and railings are installed. The fastening elements are screws and studs.

Finally, the finished staircase structure is varnished several times to prevent the appearance of pests, mold and other unpleasant formations.

Components of a staircase structure

The staircase structure will be “built” from ready-made blocks offered by the program, which can be edited by setting the necessary parameters.

A metal staircase consists of several main elements:

Staircase steps;
Area;
Railing;
Fencing.

Elements, nodes

In the program, the drawing will be created by compiling and selecting the parameters of each specific element. Thanks to the versatility of such computer software, it is possible to design and calculate in advance absolutely any metal staircase with or without a platform.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=Tr5Ibb8iun4

The entire drawing will be presented in a section so that you can view the selected element more carefully. Each selected and approved element in the drawing is presented not only structurally, but also all the main dimensions of flights of stairs or flights are shown.

Autocad staircase drawing

The set of finished documentation, made in the AutoCad system, will include not only a longitudinal section of the constructed objects, but also a transverse one, as well as a specification with the necessary fasteners and the corresponding GOSTs.

Staircases, staircases

Flights of stairs in the program are carried out in accordance with GOST 9818-85 and can be of the following types:

Flat without frieze steps - LM;
Ribbed with frieze steps - LMF;
Ribbed with two half-plates - LMP.

Flat and ribbed types have one significant difference: some are installed on a slab, while others are installed on a stringer. LMP staircases are larger structures that are joined together by a slab.

Flights of stairs combined with landings

For each type of staircase structure, according to the articles included in the program, a landing is selected, for example, a flight type or a ribbed one.

It is necessary to pay special attention to the rotation of the staircase structure - it can be made in two versions: right and left

Series

The AutoCad program has its own data library, which includes regulatory documents and construction rules. Such documentation, on the basis of which drawings are constructed, is called a series. The series of regulations includes not only the basics of constructing a specific metal structure, but also GOST for the material used, fire safety and rules for basic urban planning.

Data Library in AutoCad

For example, to build metal stairs with a platform, you should take Series 1.450.3-7.94 Metal stairs, platforms, fences as a basis. Issue 2.

Series 1.450.3-7.94

There are issues 0-2, which characterize the material used, so issue No. 2 involves the design of structures from hot-rolled profiles.

Hot rolled profiles

Documentation - series, regulate the basics of construction and installation of steel stairs, railings for them, and the necessary knowledge for their proper installation and operation, as well as a set of additional elements.

Features of double-flight stairs: installation requirements

What it is?
Project preparation
Materials
Installation
Useful tips

A two-flight staircase is a design that allows you to reliably connect floors in buildings. It is installed both in residential buildings and at industrial and administrative facilities. This element is distinguished by functionality, simplicity and reliability.

Drawings of wooden structures

A two-flight external staircase must meet certain regulatory requirements:

The width of the stairs in a private house is at least 0.8 meters.
The staircase should not be shaded; It is important to have good lighting.
the height of the railings on the stairs must be safe and be at least 90 cm;
The height of the riser should be no more than 20 cm, and the width of the riser should be no less than 25 cm.
The staircase must be able to withstand a load of up to 200 kg, and the railing - at least 100 kg.

Before installation, you also need to know how to calculate the dimensions of the staircase steps.

An important condition is that the external staircase must be stable, so you should choose a durable material that is frost-resistant, indelible, not susceptible to aggressive mechanical influences, and least sensitive to seasonal temperature fluctuations and humidity.

It is recommended to use the following materials:

Metal . The service life of stainless steel is 40-50 years. It is less susceptible to corrosion and mechanical stress.
Stone . You should choose hard rock stones: quartzite or granite (soft rocks, for example, marble, begin to wear out in the second year of service). Artificial stone made on a concrete base has good strength. We recommend that you read the information about anti-slip tape on steps in this material.
Brick . The rows of brickwork must be horizontal, and the base must be made of concrete or stone. Fences should be made of metal.

External stairs must be located on a concrete foundation. You should also carefully consider the method of attaching the staircase frame to the foundation. These can be brackets or metal consoles; the most important thing is that they securely hold the fences and steps.

Types of staircase designs

When choosing a staircase structure, the main factor is the size of the area required for its construction. In second place is the convenience and comfort of ascent and descent. Here you need to take into account the frequency of use, the presence of children and elderly people in the house.

Aesthetics is also an important criterion. The staircase should be combined with the interior of the room. In addition, it is necessary to take into account material possibilities: the production of wooden stairs with a complex configuration requires more time and financial costs than options that are simpler in form and execution.

Marching

Are the most popular. They got their name thanks to marches (flights) - a group of united steps. The staircase may have one or more flights.

There are straight structures (single-flight and double-flight, with a rest area). They can be free-standing or placed near the wall. But straight models require a lot of space, so in order to save useful space, two-flight options are provided with a rotation at an angle from 90 to 180 degrees.

The flight has a curved shape with an optimal angle of elevation, then rotary steps are used, which are also available in structures with two and three flights without platforms.

The most popular types of wooden stairs for a country residential building are:

Ordinary one-march ones. They have a simple design with a span in the center of the room or near the wall - the most durable with reliable support.
Curvilinear single-flight. Installed in large rooms to emphasize spaciousness. They are distinguished by a smooth turn and steps widened on the outside.
Marching with lower turning steps. Sometimes this option is provided for by the layout of the room and can support the chosen architectural style.
A simple 2-flight system. A staircase with two flights and an interfloor turning platform can be mounted above the door and save space.
2-flight L-shaped design. It is located in a rectangular opening along perpendicular walls and saves space.
2-flight U-shaped staircase with an upper platform and turning steps. The design is installed in luxury mansions with a large hall.
3-flight system with two platforms. This type of staircase saves space, but requires a significant ceiling height.

To select a specific configuration, you must correctly calculate and measure the free area for installation and draw up a drawing. A detailed guide on how to do this will be below.

Screw

Screw-type structures are used less frequently, as a rule, with limited space or for aesthetic reasons by the owner of a private house. They are not as convenient as marching ones, and it is difficult to transport furniture on them. To install the ladder, you will need to perform complex calculations, since with a small error it may lose its functionality.

Spiral staircases sometimes serve simply a decorative function, especially with a fence made of artistic forging. The installation of such options is possible in almost any room, because they take up less space than rotating designs. The following types are distinguished:

with cantilever pinching of steps on the internal pillar;
with steps supported on the internal pillar and perimeter walls;
with cantilever support of steps on the casing pipe;
with support on the fence and bent bowstrings.

More complex options are modular spiral staircases. The structure is assembled from modules, folding them at an angle in a certain sequence. They come with a central stringer (the steps are attached to the modules, and the edges are connected by bolts) and a central column (rested on a stacked column, connected by bolts). Read more about wooden spiral staircases.

Spiral staircases save space

Design and calculation

Before you start building any structure, you must first carefully plan everything, from the location to the amount of materials. It is necessary to approach this step as responsibly as possible, since the success of the entire enterprise largely depends on preparation. The optimal values will be given as an example, however, an important step is to take your own measurements. To begin with, you should draw up a drawing that will clearly display all the basic information. To do this, you need to make simple calculations using the step-by-step instructions given below.

Number and height of steps

First of all, calculate the height and number of steps. However, before moving directly to these calculations, you need to know the height of the stairs themselves. This is done very simply: you just need to determine by measuring the height from the floor of the first floor to the floor of the second floor. You can do it simpler: take the height of the walls on the first floor and add to this value the thickness of the floor between the floors. For example, the height of the walls is 3.1 m, the thickness of the ceiling is 40 cm. Then the height of the stairs will be 3.1 + 0.4 = 3.5 m.

The height of the riser is standard and can vary between 15.2–19.7 cm. It is not recommended to make steps higher or lower, as they are inconvenient when climbing. You should choose any value within the given limits, for example, let's take 18 cm. To calculate the number of steps, you need to divide the height of the stairs by the height of the riser: 350/18 = 19.44 cm. It is better to round up: the number of steps will be 20. For simple recalculation it turns out that the height of the riser will be 17.5 cm: 350 (height of the stairs) / 20 (number of steps).

Tread width

The width of the step should be in the range of 22–40 cm. To calculate the width suitable for a particular case, there is a formula: double the height of the riser in sum with the width of the step gives 64 cm. According to the second formula, the height of the riser, summed with the width of the step, gives 47 see. It is worth visualizing how the formulas work.

64 – 17.5 (riser width) = 46.5 cm. In this case, the width turned out to be too large.
47 – 17.5 = 32.5 cm. The width of the step is within optimal limits, so you can take this value as a reference. Should be rounded to 33 cm.

March width

The minimum width of a flight of stairs is 80 cm, however, it is not strictly recorded anywhere. Greater emphasis is placed not on the need to make marches of a certain size, but on their number. It depends on the location of the stairs and is determined on site. It is worth taking note of the definition method used by professionals. They choose a march with a width that can be divided without remainder by the width of the tread. In our case, the following values are suitable: 66 cm (33x2), 99 cm (33x3), 132 cm (33x4) and so on.

Stair length

The length of the stairs is determined simply. To do this, you will need two previously derived values: the number of steps and the width of the step. It is necessary to multiply them: 33x20 = 660 cm. The staircase turns out to be very long, so you need to consider options for a rotary or curved staircase. Few houses can accommodate a staircase almost 6.5 m long. The length of the spiral staircase will need to be calculated using special programs.

Clearance height

This refers to the distance from the ceiling to the steps. This parameter determines the exact size of the hole in the floor of the second floor to which the staircase adjoins. It should be remembered that the gap between the ceiling and the stairs should be at least 180 cm, ideally 200 cm. You should mark the place under the opening where this distance between the ceiling and the step becomes smaller.

Stringer length

To calculate the length of the stringer, you will need to use the Pythagorean theorem: add the length of the stairs squared to the height of the stairs squared and take the square root. In our example, we get 660² + 350² = 435600 + 122500 = 558100; √558200 = 747.06 cm. Let’s take it with a margin, rounding up to 750 cm. As you can see, the calculation scheme is quite simple. You can do without all sorts of professional quantities such as the angle of inclination by simply calculating all the necessary indicators using school knowledge in mathematics. The slope of the stairs will be comfortable, so you won’t have to bend down or be afraid of falling because the stairs are too steep.

DIY concrete staircase to the second floor instructions

Such a staircase can only be installed in houses with reinforced concrete floors.

Manufacturing of supporting structure

The construction of a concrete staircase is divided into several stages: erection of formwork, reinforcement and pouring mortar.

The formwork is constructed from moisture-resistant wide boards, plywood or OSB sheets on wooden supports. It should form the future staircase

It is important that there are no gaps between the formwork panels, so they are tightened with self-tapping screws. They were all leveled

The inside of the finished structure can be covered with film so that the concrete does not stick to the wooden elements. Formwork for a marching concrete staircase

Next, reinforcement is carried out with a metal mesh made of metal rods with a diameter of 8-12 mm fastened by welding or tied with knitting wire. The reinforcement cage is laid on spacers - it should not come into contact with the bottom and walls of the formwork. After reinforcement, boards are installed to form the steps. Finished formwork with reinforcement cage

The final stage is pouring concrete mortar grade B15 and higher into the formwork. During the process, it needs to be compacted with a special vibrator. The surface of each step is carefully smoothed to the level of the board.

Finishing work

Concrete must be cared for so that it adheres well and does not crack. To do this, during the first week the surface is periodically watered with water and kept under film.

The formwork can be removed no earlier than 28-30 days after pouring. And start finishing work after completion of the main construction work, simultaneously with the interior finishing of the premises.

Such a staircase can be finished with any materials: porcelain stoneware, natural stone, wood. But many of them put too much strain on an already heavy structure, so wood, laminate, and carpet would be the ideal choice.

Finishing concrete steps with wood

Assembly and installation of wooden stairs

Installation of stairs on stringers is carried out in the following order:

The stringers are installed close to the top beam, floor slab or pillars, and secured with metal corners.
At the bottom, the structure is supported on a board or block, firmly fixed to the floor with metal anchors.
For stability, the load-bearing elements are connected to each other by steel rods with threads and a nut or wooden beams with wedges.
Mount the risers with glue or self-tapping screws.
Lay the steps with a protrusion of 2-3 cm above the vertical part. Glue, hardware, and wooden dowels are used.
Install balusters on studs, wooden dowels, zip bolts or self-tapping screws. Fastener length - 80-120 mm. They control the verticality of the balustrade by plumb or level. After preliminary assembly, the upper edge is processed for even laying of the railing.
Cut a groove in the handrail equal to the width of the baluster.
Install the railings with self-tapping screws.
From the outside, finishing is attached to the staircase - boards, decorative panels.

The assembly of marches on strings is somewhat different:

Steps and risers are inserted into the grooves on the supporting beams, coated with glue.
The strings are connected with tension bolts and nuts. A flight of 18 steps will require 3-4 hardware.
The flight of stairs is installed in the same way as stringers.
The lower part of the balusters is sawed at an angle and installed directly on the bowstring or baluster. For a more reliable connection, strips are used that are attached to the spaces between the supports.
The railings are laid.

During installation, all joints and fasteners are coated with glue. Measurements are taken very carefully. After all, even a small mistake can lead to the failure of the entire part or structure. When working with cutting tools, observe safety precautions.