In total, a person spends about hours of his life in the toilet. I think this is a serious argument in favor of taking the arrangement of this modest-sized room very seriously. Today we will tell you not only how to choose the right toilet, but also present the most popular models so that you make the only right choice.
The supply of sanitary ware for toilets on the market reflects the established demand for it as clearly as possible. If a person can do without expensive tiles and suspended ceilings in his bathroom, then he cannot do without a toilet. People's appetites vary, but the set of criteria that determine which toilet is best to choose remains unchanged.
So, first of all, let's consider the choice of material from which the toilet is made.
Materials
Sanitary Ware
Perhaps the most common material, which is based on fine-pored white ceramics, coated with enamel of one color or another. Compared to other materials, sanitaryware is relatively cheap, and this is the reason for its overall popularity. Like any material of this class, sanitary ware has its drawbacks. The main one is the high abrasion of the enamel, which leads to the penetration of moisture into the very structure of the ceramics. As a result, the strength of the product slowly but surely decreases. And then until the bowl is completely destroyed not far away, especially if you or your relatives are quite impressive in size.
Porcelain
In appearance, many people confuse this material with earthenware, but the price of toilet bowls puts everything in its place: porcelain is based on the same white clay, but during manufacturing it is diluted with feldspar and quartz and acquires more solid technical characteristics. Accordingly, the enamel that covers clay, does not wear out so quickly, and pleases the happy owners of porcelain toilets with a rich color for quite a long time. Not for the rest of their lives, of course, but about twice as long as a sanitary ware toilet. However, you need to pay well for good porcelain: its price is higher in comparison with the above-mentioned earthenware products by about 40-45%.
Stainless steel
A less popular material, but much more durable and durable. Toilets made of steel are absolutely not afraid of moisture and, due to their durability, are excellent for public spaces. Even if some vandal wants to mock the steel “white friend,” he is unlikely to succeed. For an unlimited warranty period of use, you have to pay accordingly - steel toilets are more expensive than even porcelain products.
Cast iron
Have you ever seen cast iron toilets? Surely not, but this is not surprising: they are very rarely offered for sale in ordinary plumbing stores. The explanation for the market’s dislike for this material lies on the surface: cast iron toilets are very heavy and unreasonably bulky. These disadvantages cannot be overcome even by the resistance of cast iron to corrosion and rust.
Marble, artificial stone
One of the most expensive materials for toilets, which is in demand primarily among those who welcome the unique design of the room and have the means to realize their most “kosher” ideas. Toilets made of marble and artificial stone are very hygienic, do not lose color, and are quite economical in terms of water consumption, since bacteria and dirt do not linger on the absolutely smooth surface of the flush area. It is unlikely that you will be able to find such toilets in ordinary plumbing stores - they are usually made to order and have a unique design style.
Plastic toilets
A popular material for bathtubs, acrylic, is also successfully used for the manufacture of toilets. As a rule, such toilets are very light and easy to install, but their durability leaves much to be desired. Most often they are used for summer cottages and various auxiliary premises and very rarely at home.
Choosing the material for your toilet is not so bad. The real difficulties arise when it comes to what type of fastening to choose. How to choose a toilet with the most suitable mounting? Read on and note the most popular models.
SANITA LUXE Max (with microlift)
Photo: https://beru.ru
A plumbing fixture from a Russian manufacturer is a convenient and practical model for a modern interior with a cascade toilet flush. SANITA LUXE Max (with microlift) is made of high-quality ceramics using modern injection molding technology. A unique coating with silver ions ensures a white and smooth surface, preventing the accumulation of bacteria and dirt.
SANITA LUXE Max (with microlift)
Advantages:
- comfortable
- practical
- high quality ceramics
- 2 flush modes
- good drain
- anti-burst
Flaws:
- short-lived
Fastening
Floor standing toilet
Perhaps the most common toilet bowls, which are equally often found both at home and in various kinds of public buildings. The delivery set includes anchor bolts and clamping nuts, with the help of which the bowl is firmly fixed in place. The ease of installation captivates buyers and encourages them to equip their bathrooms with toilets of this particular type.
There are two types of floor-standing toilet designs:
- compact
- monoblock
The first option is the most popular: separating the bowl and tank makes it easy to replace one or another part in case of breakdown or choose a unique design solution. True, only if the store sells bowls, seats and tanks separately, and not together, as is most often the case.
The monoblock is a single design. This fact significantly limits the repairability of one of the leaked parts of the toilet. But toilets with a single design are cheaper than compact ones - if you are extremely limited in funds, then it makes sense to save, don’t you think?
One of the most popular models of floor-standing toilets on the Russian market is JIKA Lyra 8.2423.4.
This is a relatively inexpensive classic compact model, which due to its small size will fit perfectly into the interior of any bathroom. True, it comes without a lid, and the fact that you will have to pay another 800-900 rubles for it can rightly be attributed to the disadvantages of the product.
Other popular models:
Toilet MERIDA M 010 (Cersanit, Poland)
Comfort (Rosa)
Victoria (Roca)
Attached toilet
Many specialized experts do not classify wall-mounted toilets as a separate category, but we will take some liberties, since they still differ significantly in appearance from their classic floor-standing “brothers.” Although the type of fastening remains the same - to the floor, such products have a more massive back that fits tightly against the wall. The tank can be a classic external one or installed in the wall
If you are thinking about how to choose a toilet for your home, but prefer large bowls, then this type of toilet is your best choice. With only one caveat - if the size of the room allows you to painlessly fit such a hulk into it. Otherwise, it is better to pay attention to smaller toilets.
A well-known model of this type is VitrA S50.
A very colorful and expressive toilet that looks like a real giant. It impresses with its massive appearance and has the remarkable ability to make any bathroom richer and more spectacular. At the same time, it is not as expensive as one might think - 4,000-45,000 rubles.
Other wall mounted toilets:
Roca Meridian
Wall-hung toilet
Practical and compact type of toilets. This allows them to be used even in the most modest-sized rooms, while saving precious centimeters. They look minimalistic and very modern, but require more complex installation compared to other types of toilets due to the use of an installation system.
The frame with the tank is attached to the floor and walls and then covered with gypsum board. The flush control is carried out using a button placed outside. Sound insulation is on your side - now the neighbors can only guess about your manipulations in the bathroom. On your side is the possible failure of the installation frame. It will not be possible to easily fix a breakdown, unlike the above types of toilets, so it is better to look only at high-quality models of wall-hung toilets with installation.
Many people are quite skeptical about this type of installation, questioning the frame’s ability to withstand a more or less significant load. And it’s completely in vain - some models of wall-hung toilets with installation are designed for a load of more than four hundred kilograms! Impressive? Well, then prepare your money: such systems cost a little more than conventional floor-mounted or wall-mounted toilets.
The popular model of the wall-hung toilet Roca The Gap, which represents a reasonable combination of price and quality.
It does not take up much space, has a non-standard shape, and amazes the eye with its emphasized geometric harmony and slightly smoothed corners.
Other popular models:
Roca Dama Senso
Vitra MOD
Cersanit DELFI Leon
Visa 8050
Roca N-Meridian
Corner toilets differ from floor-standing ones only in their placement in the bathroom. The type of fastening remains the same
For those who are persistently looking for an answer to the question of which toilet to choose, it will be useful to know about the outlet through which, in fact, your “white friend” interacts with the sewer. Many buyers of toilets do not even suspect that they may differ from each other.
How to choose a splash-free toilet
Having chosen a toilet that suits your design and parameters, do not forget about such a nuisance as splashes. They are annoying both during use and during rinsing.
The presence of splashes or their absence depends on several factors: the shape of the toilet bowl, the location of the drain hole, the water level in the drain hole, and the habits of the toilet owner. The “non-splashing” shapes of bowls are discussed above, and we will consider other factors in more detail.
Anti-splash system
Unscrupulous sellers in plumbing stores try to install an anti-splash system almost everywhere, even if the toilet design is not equipped with it.
Operation of the anti-splash system
Advice. You can recognize the “anti-splash” yourself by visually inspecting the toilet model, and not fall for the seller’s deception.
First of all, “anti-splash” is the special geometry and location of the drain hole:
- The drain hole is narrowed.
- The drain hole is “recessed” as deep as possible.
- Displacement of the drain hole in any direction relative to the axis of symmetry of the toilet.
- The water level in the drain hole is significantly reduced.
In addition to the location of the drain hole, “anti-splash” assumes the presence of a circular rim, which additionally holds back splashes. It is these parameters that characterize the presence of “anti-splash” in the toilet, regardless of the manufacturer, shape and color of the plumbing fixtures.
How to determine the water level in an unplugged toilet
It is very simple to independently determine the water level in the toilet while still in the store. To do this, it is enough to recall the school physics curriculum, namely, the law of communicating vessels:
Determining the water level in the toilet
- Locate the bottom point of the outlet.
- Draw a mental line along the toilet parallel to the floor. This is exactly what the water level in the toilet will be, and the lower it is, the less splashing there will be.
Release
So, there is a horizontal sewer outlet. The sewage system is drained from the wall. This is the most common issue in city apartments. An example of it is shown in the following photo.
There is also a vertical one . Here the drain is removed from the floor; it is more typical for country cottages and private houses. Its character is clearly visible in the photo.
SANITA LUXE Best Red
Photo: https://beru.ru
The compact toilet will perfectly fit into the modern interior of the toilet room and make it comfortable. The SANITA LUXE Best Red product is made of reliable and environmentally friendly porcelain. Increased hygiene is ensured by the special Sanita Crystal surface. The toilet is easy to clean and does not cause any hassle in maintenance. The microlift guarantees smooth and silent closing of the lid. The toilet is reliable and retains its pristine whiteness for many years. If you don’t know which toilet to choose that flushes well, then we offer SANITA LUXE Best Red!
SANITA LUXE Best Red
Advantages:
- price
- design
- compact
- quality
- washes off well
- anti-burst
- seat with microlift
Disadvantages: not found
Water supply
There are toilets with bottom and side inlet. Which is better?
Pay attention to the bottom one - models with such an inlet are distinguished by almost silent filling, and the hose itself is not very visible.
But toilets with side water supply are cheaper. What is more important - material gain or little things of comfort? You will have to think about this dilemma more than once when choosing a toilet for your bathroom.
Ideal STANDARD Connect E781701
Photo: https://beru.ru/
Ideal Standard Connect E781701 - toilet with bidet function. The design provides for one of the simplest and most reliable installation methods - floor-mounted. This model is equipped with the most universal, horizontal exhaust system, which allows it to be mounted either close to or at a short distance from the wall. The flush cistern is mounted on top of the toilet, thereby saving centimeters of space. The drainage mechanism has two buttons that allow full or half drainage to save water.
Ideal STANDARD Connect E781701
Advantages:
- anti-dirt coating
- good drain
- anti-burst
- price
Flaws:
- no installation included
- no tank included
- no seat included
Flush type
When thinking about which toilet is better to choose, many people rightly pay attention to the type of fastening, sewer outlet and completely lose sight of the flush system installed in a particular model.
Perhaps the most famous option is direct flush . It is often called differently - cascade, horizontal , but don’t let this fool you - this is still the same widespread (since the times of the Soviet Union) flushing system, in which the water has a straight flow path and descends evenly along the wall of the bowl to the bottom drain.
Young people scold this type of flushing, and rightly so: the fact is that it has outlived its usefulness. During such a descent, the inner surfaces of the bowl remain untouched, which allows impurities and, of course, bacteria to accumulate there.
But every cloud has a silver lining - direct flushing allows the water flow to gain a pronounced intensity and purification along the flushing path is almost 100%.
The basis of a circular flush, or, as it is also called, a reverse-circular flush, is a completely different water supply system: it moves along a ring-shaped gutter and methodically washes the entire area of the thicket.
Young people really like this kind of flushing system, because with it you don’t need to use a brush for a long time - the flow of water reaches the most difficult areas of the bowl. True, in particularly difficult cases you will still have to pick up an auxiliary tool: due to the annular trajectory, the flow loses some pressure and some impurities may remain noticeable. But this already depends on the shape of the bowl, which we will talk about below.
As a rule, toilets with a circular flush system are more expensive. Recently, there has been a tendency to replace the technically outdated direct flush with a circular one.
Apparently, this is justified by time, right?
Gesso W103
Photo: https://beru.ru
Gesso W103 is one of the best toilets in the budget segment. This model has fittings with two drain modes, which allows you to use water more economically. The bowl is washed with a circular jet, or in other words, a funnel, which ensures effective removal of contaminants over the entire area of the toilet. The anti-splash system prevents the formation of splashes during operation. The tank is installed directly on the bowl and does not require additional fastening to the wall. The set includes a comfortable seat made of durable, wear-resistant polypropylene.
Gesso W103
Advantages:
- price
- design
- compact
- quality
- washes off well
- anti-burst
Flaws:
- no microlift
Bowl shape
From the flush to the bowl shape. This is also very important if you want to choose the right toilet. If the shape of the bowl is incorrectly selected, even the smoothest working circular flush may not cope with the task assigned to it.
Funnel-shaped
The most optimal option for the bowl shape, which, due to the drain hole located strictly in the center, ensures quick and good cleaning and, moreover, eliminates the appearance of splashes in the process.
Do you want to forget about what a brush is? Buy a toilet with a funnel-shaped bowl. Disadvantages, of course, can be found for almost any form, but there are none here. The only difference is that such toilets cost a little more, but this is a disadvantage that is easily offset by the pleasure of use.
Disc-shaped
A somewhat controversial solution that requires a larger volume of water for flushing. Human waste products first fall into the recess - and only then, under pressure from the water from the tank, are washed into the hole. Unfortunately, this shape of the bowl contributes to the occurrence of splashes, and the question of saving water remains open. Often it is necessary to additionally adjust the volume of water for flushing. Why such difficulties, you ask? The dish-shaped bowl, however, remains relevant due to the lower price of toilets in which it is present. The most budget models are equipped with it.
Kozyrkovaya
Unlike a plate bowl, this type of bowl does not have a recess in front of the drain, but, on the contrary, a protrusion. This allows the bulk of the sewage to go directly into the drain, and the remainder is easily washed out by the pressure of water from the tank. This bowl shape is steadily gaining momentum and is increasingly found even in relatively inexpensive models.
The question of how to choose the right toilet affects not only the shape of the bowl, the type of fastening and all the key points that we discussed above.
SANITA LUXE Infinity
Photo: https://beru.ru
Sanita Luxe is a stylish and functional toilet. The product is considered the best toilet in its price segment, as it is produced on the most modern equipment using innovative technologies. The unique recipe for preparing toilet bowl glaze ensures ideal whiteness and smoothness of the surface. Antibacterial coating with components based on silver ions prevents the growth of germs and bacteria. For the first time in Russia, nanotechnology is used in the production of sanitary ware. The unique Sanita Cristal coating keeps the toilet bowl clean and white.
SANITA LUXE Infinity
Advantages:
- design
- nanotechnology
- antibacterial coating
- microlift
- anti-burst
- good drain
Disadvantages: not found
What is the device
Based on the name, it is clear that the toilet is located above the floor, having a suspended appearance, as if floating above the surface. They look smaller; nothing is visible except the bowl. You might think that the structure is attached directly to the wall, but this is not the case. The cistern and all auxiliary elements are hidden behind the wall and mounted on a metal frame, which is called an installation. It is sheathed with finishing material, creating a false wall. The toilet bowl itself is attached to it.
This design has its pros and cons.
Strengths of installing this plumbing fixture:
- It has a modern look and fits harmoniously into any bathroom interior.
- It looks neat, since all communications are hidden behind the panel.
- Makes cleaning easier. The absence of legs allows you to quickly clean under the bowl.
- The absence of a barrier on the floor allows you to easily insulate the floor and lay tiles.
- Visually increases the space in the room. The main thing to remember is that the installation will also take up space. From the wall it will be 13-16 cm, height up to 120 cm.
- The movement of water is heard less.
- Reliable design can withstand weight up to 400 kg.
Negative points are also present:
- Hanging models have a higher price.
- Not suitable for small rooms, as an additional niche for installation takes up space.
- Difficult to install. It is necessary to correctly and securely install the metal frame and cover everything with material.
- If communications are damaged, the false wall will have to be dismantled.
Earthenware
Faience is considered the cheapest material; it is white ceramics with a finely porous structure. The low cost of earthenware toilets makes them the most popular. Coating with special enamel significantly reduces the hygroscopicity of the porous material. The enamel coating may have a white, beige or yellowish tint, but the operational and technical characteristics do not change in any way.
A disadvantage of earthenware toilets is the reduction of the protective enamel layer during operation. A layer of enamel that is too thin cannot prevent the absorption of moisture into the porous structure of the product; as a result, the strength and reliability of the toilet bowl is significantly reduced. The average service life of earthenware toilets is about 15 years, which is very important when choosing which toilet is best.
Types of seats
The seat is a mandatory attribute of any toilet, and it can be made from:
- plastic;
- tree.
Plastic seats are the most popular today, which is explained by a lot of their positive qualities. They are easy to care for, have a good appearance, are durable and inexpensive. Wooden ones are used much less frequently, and their use is justified only by the style of the interior. In addition, they retain heat well, are more durable and hypoallergenic, but are expensive.
The toilet seat, in addition, can be equipped with a micro-lift - a mechanism that slightly slows down the movement of the lid when closing, making this process completely silent. Today, innovative toilets are appearing, the seats of which also perform a host of other functions. So, in some models it can be equipped with electric heating, as well as a photocell that recognizes an approaching person and automatically opens the lid.
Features and additional options
A toilet has long been not just a “potty” for natural needs, but a completely full-fledged product, which may have more options than another inexpensive car. Let's briefly look at the most common ones in the mini-directory.
Anti-splash. In fact, this is not an option, but rather a set of solutions that will allow you to make “gurgle” without excess water. Not all manufacturers note this feature, but this does not mean that there will be a lot of splashes from the toilet.
Antibacterial coating. According to manufacturers, special coating of the toilet bowl and/or seat will not allow bacteria to grow and multiply. Hygiene is everything.
Rimless toilets. Fundamentally no different from ordinary ones. The bowl simply does not have a rim from under which water flows during flushing. The rim is a difficult area to clean, and its absence will help keep the toilet clean.
Partial drain. It is also called half-mode as well as dual-mode. It is not always necessary to empty the entire tank, and that is why some models can empty only a certain part of it. Also in the characteristics you can find descriptions such as one-, two- or three-mode drainage. Everything is simple with them. Single-mode - drains all the water at once. Dual-mode – can work with half volumes. Three-mode - allows you to stop the drain at the right time. In any case, the function will be useful because it allows you to save water.
Hygienic shower. Using water instead of toilet paper is considered more hygienic. In practice, this means either the presence of a “fountain” in the toilet design, or the presence of a watering can with a hose. Toilets with showers are more expensive than regular ones and more difficult to install. Installing a separate watering can is also sometimes easier.
Drying. After using a hygienic shower, excess water must be removed. This can be done with paper, or with special drying. For obvious reasons, there is no option separate from the shower.
Seat microlift or pneumatic cover. An inexpensive option from the category of “nice little things”, like door closers on door facades. With it, the lid will not fall on the tank with a crash, but will softly and smoothly fall on it without unnecessary noise. In addition to quiet operation, the microlift will ensure that there are no impacts on the lid itself, which has a positive effect on its durability.
Heated seat. The name speaks for itself. If it’s really cold in the toilet and your butt is freezing, it can be useful. To connect the toilet seat you will need an outlet. Another interesting feature is that these seats can be purchased separately.
Backlight. A decorative option with a hint of practicality. Whether it is necessary or not is up to you to decide.
Remote Control. Yes, toilets also have remote controls that control all options like heating or shower.
Automatic raising and lowering of the seat. A fashionable option that will allow you not to touch the seat with your hands. On the one hand, it provides additional hygiene, on the other hand, you still need to wash your hands after visiting the toilet.
Automatic drain. You are probably already familiar with it after visiting public toilets. This function is unlikely to be urgently needed at home, but it is also available just in case.
Colored toilets and models with drawings. They don't happen often, but they do happen. It’s a matter of taste, but you won’t see this in any stylish modern interior. White is the best choice.
Voting by our readers
Which toilet would you choose or recommend?
Villeroy & Boch O.Novo 5660H101
5.26 % ( 2 )
Gustavsberg Hygienic Flush WWC 5G84HR01
2.63 % ( 1 )
Roca Dama Senso 893104090
10.53 % ( 4 )
Ideal Standard Tesi T0079
26.32 % ( 10 )
Santek Neo 1WH302423
0.00 % ( 0 )
Cersanit Carina Clean ON DPL EO Slim
5.26 % ( 2 )
Geberit Renova Premium
18.42 % ( 7 )
BelBagno Boheme BB115CH
0.00 % ( 0 )
Jacob Delafon Struktura EDF102-00
0.00 % ( 0 )
AM.PM Bliss L C538607SC
Photo: https://beru.ru
The AM.PM Bliss L C538607SC toilet has a magnificent, reliable Scandinavian design that fits perfectly into the restroom of your apartment. The material of the product is sanitary porcelain, minimum pores, high resistance to moisture, odors and dirt. And the shower flush system ensures complete washing of the toilet bowl. An excellent choice of toilet for a small toilet.
AM.PM Bliss L C538607SC
Advantages:
- price
- design
- reliability
- good flush
Disadvantages: not found
Review of the best manufacturers
Among the companies specializing in the production of suspended plumbing, the following can be mentioned.
Geberit . The Swiss company Geberit produces exclusively luxury models: electronic toilets with a large number of additional functions (sensor flush, built-in bidet, water heater). The prices for such products correspond to the quality: in the company’s catalog you can rarely find plumbing fixtures costing less than 100 thousand rubles.
The Swiss company Geberit produces luxury sanitary ware. Wall-hung toilets produced by this manufacturer have a variety of additional functions.
Spanish company Roca . The collections of this brand present a variety of models with a predominance of high-tech style. Toilets with round or square bowls can have lids with a microlift or regular ones.
The size range of the brand also looks impressive:
- length 35.55-86 cm;
- height 40-76 cm;
- width 50-70 cm.
The cost of models varies significantly: you can choose both budget options costing 4-5 thousand rubles, as well as more expensive models of 20 thousand and above, equipped with additional functions.
Villeroy & Boch . Wall-hung toilets from a reputable German company are distinguished by high quality and a diverse range of models. Among the presented range you can find both miniature models in a minimalist style, ideal for small bathrooms, and solid devices in a classic style.
Most models are made from porcelain, which makes the bowls more elegant. Lids are often equipped with additional functions (microlift, quick automatic lift)
The price range for Villeroy & Boch toilets is quite wide: from 6 thousand to 50 thousand or more rubles.
Jacob Delafon . French Jacob Delafon sanitary ware has a proven, memorable design. Toilets have a wide variety of shapes: square, trapezoidal, rectangular. The material is usually porcelain, the seats are mostly equipped with a microlift. The size range is quite large, including models of different sizes - from small to medium and large. Prices for products are moderately high: from 15 to 30 thousand rubles.
Vitra . The Turkish brand Vitra belongs to the economy class, but produces quite high-quality plumbing fixtures. Many models of this company have additional useful functions (anti-splash system, lids with microlift).
Customers will be pleased with the variety of sizes, allowing them to choose products of different dimensions. The plumbing fixtures of this company are characterized by a streamlined design: even square and rectangular toilets have smoothed, rounded corners. Prices are affordable: on average from 5 to 10 thousand rubles, although there are also more expensive models.
Сersanit . The Polish company Cersanit produces economy-class plumbing fixtures. The line is dominated by wall-hung toilets of a semicircular shape, made of faience (duroplast is used for seats), without any additional functions. Products are manufactured only in standard sizes: it is useless to look for non-standard dimensions from this manufacturer.
Cersanit is one of the most budget-friendly brands of plumbing fixtures. Wall-hung toilets produced by Polish manufacturers are distinguished by their classic design and affordable price.
A regular Cersanit toilet without fasteners can be bought for 3-4 thousand rubles.
Laufen. The Austrian company Laufen produces a wide variety of toilet models: classic, teardrop-shaped, in the shape of an inverted pyramid or a duck. Their size range is also very wide: there are sanitary ware of different sizes.
Although the devices are mostly made of earthenware, they have a number of additional functions (for example, antibacterial coating, micro-lift lid). The cost of models is very diverse: from 5 to 25 thousand rubles.
In addition to those listed above, other manufacturers also produce excellent hanging plumbing fixtures, for example, the well-known German company Ideal Standard Duravit, the budget Czech company Jika or the Swedish Ifo.
Plastic
In most cases, acrylic is used to make plastic toilets. However, some models have a multilayer structure with fiberglass reinforcement elements. The products are distinguished by their fairly light weight and affordable price; in addition, installation of such toilets is not particularly difficult.
The disadvantage of plastic toilets is their poor resistance to mechanical loads and temperature changes, which is very important to consider when deciding which toilet to choose. The service life of such plumbing fixtures is quite short, so most often they are purchased for use in a summer cottage.
